What's new in CPUs since the 80s?

http://danluu.com/new-cpu-features/

My mental model of CPUs is stuck in the 1980s: basically boxes that do arithmetic, logic, bit twiddling and shifting, and loading and storing things in memory. […] What cool developments have I been missing? What can today’s CPU do that last year’s CPU couldn’t? How about a CPU from two years ago, five years ago, or ten years ago?